Doughnuts – often spelled donuts – are beloved breakfast staples. A glazed donut to go with morning coffee on the way to work is a morning ritual for many people.
Despite their popularity, many people do not know much about how donuts came to be.
And another little known fact, a National Donut Day is observed the first Friday of June each year, making this year’s observance coming up on June 4.
Oily cakes precede donuts
The origin of donuts is widely debated. Desserts made from fried dough can be found in various countries and cultures. However, historians largely believe that the Americanized donut arrived thanks to Dutch immigrants. According to Smithsonian magazine, when Dutch settlers came to New York, they brought along olykoeks, translated to ‘oily cakes.’ Records show the Dutch were making these creations as early as the mid-nineteenth century. These earliest donuts were balls of cake fried in pork fat until they were golden brown. Since the center of these doughnuts did not cook as fast as the outside, many also were stuffed with fillings that did not need to be cooked.
Literally minded name
In a similar fashion, Elizabeth Gregory, a New England ship captain’s mother, used her son’s spice cargo along with lemon rind to fashion her own fried dough. Gregory made these pastries so that her son, Hanson, and his crew could store them on long voyages, and eat something that would ward off scurvy and colds. Gregory stuffed walnuts or hazelnuts in the centers of the dough. She came to call the pastries ‘doughnuts.’ However, others attribute the name to the original olykoeks, which were sometimes shaped into knots and called ‘dough knots.’
Seaworthy improvements
While the donuts certainly were acceptable, Captain Gregory came up with a way to improve his mother’s concoction. Rather than stuff the donut to make up for the uncooked center, he punched a hole in the middle of the dough ball before it was fried. The hole increased the surface area and exposure to the hot oil, ensuring the entire donut cooked evenly. Other stories about the donut hole attributed the modification to the fact that Captain Gregory could then hang the donut on the ship’s steering wheel so he could use both hands to steer.
Donuts get automated
Prior to 1920, donuts were made entirely by hand. Adolph Levitt, a Russian refugee and baker, began selling donuts from his bakery in New York City’s theater district. To keep up with the crowds, Levitt invented a gadget that could make the fried rings faster. A circle of dough shaped like a ring dropped into a vat of boiling oil, circulated, was flipped over, and emerged from the oil on a moving ramp. Many modern donut companies still make their donuts like this.
